Unfortunately, ideal biomass does not exist, and the LCA cases indicates that nearly half of the potential carbon mitigation is negated by charcoal productions carbon footprint. } (2016). https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/industry/processes/energy-systems/metallurgical-fuels/5619?wbdisable=true. } float: right; Table 2. Alternatively, operators could apply pre-combustion capture to blue-hydrogen production at the front-end of a DRI system (or for substitution with coal in the BF-BOF). (2020). Table 9. Table A.2. In considering biomass as DRI fuel, H. Han et al. Specific integrated decarbonization methods that recover part of the energy input (e.g., quench gas reusing, top gas recycling, waste heat for CCS, or H2 production) are discussed on a case basis. (2019). Midrex. This is true of the US Great Lakes, Chinas eastern provinces, around the North Sea, the Eastern Block nations, Brazil, and some of Indias largest plants. Given the importance of steel production to many economies and nations, including dimensions of national security and labor, priority should be extended to steel production decarbonization. (2019). Nonetheless, global emissions have risen more or less continuously for the past 25 years and have increased each of the last three years [(UNEP,2019]]. These could include revenue enhancements, such as grants, feed-in tariffs, and contracts for differences, or capital treatments, such as tax credits. In contrast, combined DRI-EAF production increases dramatically and replaces BF-BOF as primary steel production method in hypothetical future production is calculated by altering production share: Table 11. TFT Research. The Al Reyadah project in Abu Dhabi, UAE, is the sole example of CCS applied to an existing steel mill. #block-views-podcast-search2-block #views-exposed-form-podcast-search2-block label { The CO2 emission intensity of typical BF-BOF integrated facilities can reach up to 2 tons CO2 per ton of steel [(Material Economics, 2018)]. border-right: 3px solid #FFFFFF; } #block-views-exp-resource-library2-page .advanced-filters .views-widget label:after { Primer on CO2 removal technology. } NikkeiAsia. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Industrial Technologies. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI): This iron production process directly reduces iron ore in solid-state with the reaction temperature below the melting point of iron. #block-views-podcast-search2-block ul.views-view-grid li:nth-child(4n+1) { Finding 5: DRI with hydrogen + EAF with zero-C power is the most mature low-emission pathway. https://www.midrex.com/wp-content/uploads/Midrex_STATSbookprint_2018Final-1.pdf, Midrex H2. Helle, M., Wiklund, C.-M., Kohl, T., Jrvinen, M., & Saxen, H. (2016). position: absolute; border: none; In this study, we consider the economics of hydrogen in DRI production and its GHG emission reduction performance. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/12/f34/2016_billion_ton_report_12.2.16_0.pdf, EIA. Hydrogen production can be green (electrolysis) and complement electrification policy developmet, provided adequate zero-carbon power supplies, most likely through addition of generation. NationMaster. University of California Berkeley. that the overall content of H2 in gas-injection BF should be 5%-10% considering all limitations [(Yilmaz et al., 2017)]. Biofuels for Steelmaking. Adapting H2 into iron making (BF and DRI) has great potential to proceed to deep-decarbonization and with carbon-free/carbon-neutral endmembers as a function of feedstock. Material Economics. { First and foremost, EAF takes recycled steel scraps as feedstocks and is therefore subject to supply limitation. [(Ueki et al., 2014)], German research indicates that when using biomass coke powder to completely replace coal powder, the amount of carbon dioxide input in the blast furnace has been reduced by up to 45%. In contrast, the higher penetration of intermittent renewables power generation may lead to increased market share and use. Suopajrvi, H. (2015). Present needs, recent progress and future trends of energy-efficient Ultra-Low Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Steelmaking (ULCOS) program. At high (85%) capacity factors, this would require 60 GW of new zero-carbon power generation. margin-left: 10%; Carbonization characteristics of biomass/coking coal blends for the application of bio-coke. Using hydrogen to decarbonize BF-BOF steelmaking would consume the same amount of hydrogen and all hydrogen production must be low-carbon (e.g., blue or green). max-width: 100%; /* Resource Library */ #block-views-podcast-search2-block .view-filters { Data and Statistics, CO2 emissions by sector. Increasing H2 fraction in reducing gas for DRI production is simpler than replacing pulverized coal with H2 in a BF. This could serve to develop international low-emission production standards for steel among buyers & sellers (akin to the Montreal Protocol), potential avoiding future challenges to the International Monetary Fund. Hot iron is then charged to BOF to make steel HM (BOF steel making). One of the well known hard-to-abate sectors, substantial iron and steel industry decarbonization will increase production cost significantly (>120 $/ton) [(ETC, 2018)]. visibility: visible; MOE steelmaking is a continuous hot-operation process and requires constant power supply, ideally at low cost and high reliability. Dickel, R. (2020). Moreover, operating assets have long capital lives and are expected to operate for many decades, limiting the rate and range of options to substitute for existing facilities and thereby reduce emissions [(Friedmann, 2019)]. https://www.cslforum.org/cslf/Projects/AlReyadah. } 2016 Billion ton report: Advancing Domestic Resources for a Thriving Bioeconomy. The core issue of decarbonizing it is not lack of technological solutions but that these solutions carry high abatement costs which directly affects market share, trade, and labor. } display: none; Abatement cost is calculated by dividing added fuel cost (in $, bio-charcoal more expensive than fossil coal) and its carbon abatement value (ton-CO2). z-index: 1; The amine-based/piperazine solvent system (MDEA/Pz) modeled to capture CO2 from BF top-gas could reduce 47% emission for an integrated steel mill using OBF process. opacity: 1; content: ""; These include the HIsarna smelting ironmaking process and molten oxide electrolysis (MOE), both anticipated to enter pilot plant testing in the short-term future. Existing plants retrofit is essential, since most production capacity is in Asia Pacific (e.g., China) and most facilities have more than 25 years average capital life remaining [(IEA industry, 2020)]. The Global Warming Potential Misrepresents the Physics of Global Warming Thereby Misleading Policy Makers. margin-bottom: 3em; Steels contribution to a low carbon future and climate resilient societiesWorldsteel position paper. A Comparison of Iron and Steel Production Energy Use and Energy Intensity in China and the U.S. DOE. } We examine technical options in terms of cost, viability, readiness, and ability to scale. Not just MOE, most decarbonization approaches involve electricity as energy supply (e.g, green hydrogen) would require very cheap electricity inputs to be market relevant [(Bataille et al., 2020)]. { No uniform ideal solution exists and different geographies, infrastructure, and economies will determine the local optimum solution with viability and cost. Yan, J. Today, almost all H2 supply is produced from fossil fuel, with global demand exceeding 73.9 million tons in 2018 [(IEA H2, 2019)]. float: right; Https://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Iron%20and%20Steel%202%20Secured%20presentations/2_1330%20Jan%20van%20der%20Stel.pdf. } Minerals Engineering, 20(9), 854861. max-width: 100%; Optimization of a Steel Plant with Multiple Blast Furnaces Under Biomass Injection. Higher electricity energy contribution: Considering electricity carbon emission share of the total emission, global growth to 25% DRI-EAF through BF-BOF replacement (medium DRI penetration) would increase this fraction from 13.5% to 19.1% and increase to 50% displacement (High DRI penetration) would grow this fraction to 28%. (2017). This paper did not estimate hydrogen production from biomass. clear: left; Kirschen, M., Badr, K., & Pfeifer, H. (2011). * self reference takes its own production method emission as reference (e.g., DRI using Zero-C electricity comparing with DRI baseline). Both DRI-based pathways could be >40% less carbon intensive as well. For example, while EAF using steel scrap remains 24% of global production today, increasing DRI-EAF fraction for primary steelmaking has dual effect in decarbonization: the process is intrinsically more energy efficient that reduces the carbon emission, and it also allows higher electricity fraction in the total energy consumption profile, allowing bigger role for zero-carbon electricity in decarbonization. Vogl, V., Ahman, M., & Nilsson, L. (2018). } This means that a range of policies should be considered to accomplish deep decarbonization from steel production at existing sites. CO2 capture in industries and distributed energy systems: Possibilities and limitations. Goodbye to carbon neutral: Getting biomass footprints right. Similarly, the DRI carbon footprint will vary if syngas is produced from coal-based process or gas-based process [(Midrex, 2019) and Table 2]. z-index: 1; Reducing gases are produced from natural gas (gas-based DRI) or coal (coal-based DRI) called syngas, a mixture of H2 and CO. U.S. The basic model of DRI production plant parameters are shown in table 8. margin-bottom: 6em; Costs and Potential of Carbon Capture and Storage at an Integrated Steel Mill. Either a combined technology sets or replacement DRI based primary steel production would be needed to increase its decarbonization potential. The production data and raw material input data of the plant can be found in the appendix. Understanding these tradeoffs requires additional analysis, e.g., coupled system modeling or levelized cost of carbon abatement (LCCA) analysis. (2020). The actual abatement of CO2 using bio-charcoal is sensitive to many factors, most importantly LCA and LUC of the biomass. height: 100%; Using zero-carbon electricity as a strategy, deep decarbonization of steel production must involve replacing BF-BOF with DRI-EAF or adding additional pathways. All the approaches for steel decarbonization discussed (hydrogen, zero-c electricity, biomass) have applications in decarbonizing other sectors (e.g., transportation or heating). } [(Wiklund et al., 2013)] have evaluated the injection of a biomass-based reducing agent into the BF, chiefly as charcoal produced from wood (bio-charcoal). In BioenergyRealizing the Potential. The challenge of reaching zero emissions in heavy industry. visibility: visible; As the most widely commercialized woody biomass process technology, bio-charcoal has carbon content the highest, up to 85%-98% [(Mayhead et al., n.d.)], most chemically suitable for iron making, chemical reduction and replacement of coke. Biomass substitution in DRI-based pathways will require additional study, prototype testing, and demonstration to verify estimates and potential for viable large-scale use. flex-direction: column-reverse; display: flex; [CDATA[// >